Specifically, cluster 1 has Big5 features similar to social phobia, and cluster 2 shows a Big5 score distribution similar to secondary psychopath and BPD. A study using the RAADS-R score (an index of ASD) identified four subtypes based on the Big5 factors. Indeed, to identify the subclasses, several studies have conducted a clustering of people with high ASD scores, although the majority of studies have treated this population with a high ASD score as a single group. Such classes, if any, would contribute not only to understanding ASD more deeply and developing future intervention methods for each class, but also to characterizing ASD indices such as AQ more precisely. The data of these broad comorbidities and variable co-occurrence rates suggest that ASD may consist of several subclasses, and questionnaires about ASD need to link with these disorders. Related to the above observations, there are many cases of the co-occurrence of autism with anxiety disorders (43-84%), depression (2-30%), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD 37%), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (59%), agitation and aggressive behavior (8-34%), and nonspecific abnormal behaviors, such as self-injury. A recent meta-analysis of Big5 in ASD not only validated a negative association between each Big5 trait and ASD characteristics, but it also emphasized the importance of extending the relationship of ASD with personalities beyond Big5 such as attachment style, emotion regulation, alexithymia, and self-esteem. In contrast, Austin reported that the AQ was negatively correlated with agreeableness. found that AQ scores are negatively correlated with extraversion and conscientiousness, positively correlated with neuroticism, and not correlated with agreeableness. The relationship between the AQ and Big5, which describes basic personality traits, has been long studied. In addition, almost half of women with borderline personality disorder (BPD) show high AQ scores, and comorbid BPD correlates with having a higher AQ score. As for the relationship between the AQ and other disorder-related personality traits, there are relatively strong positive correlations between measures of social skills and communication in the AQ and the four sub-items of the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ)-interpersonal factors (social anxiety, suspicion, friendlessness, and emotional suppression). These observations indicate that the AQ is a valid measure of autistic traits. Adults with Asperger’s syndrome and high-functioning autism (AS/HFA) score significantly higher on the AQ than adults in the general population. Generally, the AQ is higher in males than in females and in scientists than in non-scientists. The Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ) was developed as a self-report questionnaire measure to quantify autistic characteristics. The characteristics of ASD are on a continuum from clinical patients to normal individuals. In general, ASD is seen in about 1% of the population and is 3∼4 times more common in males than females. Thus, this study provides empirical results showing subtypes of the high AQ population.Īutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a developmental disorder characterized by deficits in social communication and repetitive behaviors, including Asperger syndrome and pervasive developmental disorder, in addition to typical infantile autism. We identified three subclasses (subtypes): Group 1, characterized by emotional instability, low self-esteem, high hostility, anxiety, depressive tendency and schizotypal traits Group 2, characterized by high BIS for an inhibitory attitude towards novelty, and high Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) and Group 3, characterized by personality traits and attributes consistent of the average of the general population. To address these issues, here we conducted a personality traits-based clustering of 1364 subjects who had an AQ score of 33 or higher (high AQ group) collected online. In addition, an analysis of larger general populations would give new perspectives on people with high AQ scores. The inclusion of a larger set of personality traits and attributes would contribute not only to understanding autism more deeply, but also to characterizing AQ more precisely. However, those studies mainly focused on Big5 personality traits and analyzed a limited number of samples (participants). Previous studies using clustering analysis have indicated that people showing high AQ and other autism indices may comprise several subtypes. The Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ) is a widely used index to quantify autistic traits.
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